Biomarcadores convencionales y emergentes en hepatitis B
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59093/27112322.173Palabras clave:
hepatitis B, virus de la hepatitis B, biomarcadores, marcadores virales, HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg, anticuerpos contra la hepatitis B.Resumen
A nivel mundial, 300 millones de personas están infectadas por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB). A pesar de que existe una vacuna que previene la infección y se dispone de tratamiento antiviral que suprime la replicación del virus, no hay cura aún. El principal problema que evita la recuperación total del paciente, incluso para aquel que recibe tratamiento, es la persistencia de dos formas del genoma viral en los hepatocitos: el ADN circular covalentemente cerrado (ADNccc), el cual se encuentra en forma de episoma y tiene la capacidad de replicarse, y las secuencias lineales subgenómicas que se integran en el genoma humano, con potencial oncogénico. Hasta el momento se dispone de unos pocos biomarcadores para monitorear o predecir la progresión de la enfermedad y la respuesta al tratamiento. Estos biomarcadores se detectan durante la infección, y son la base para la monitorización de la enfermedad y hacer un diagnóstico de la fase clínica de la infección. Recientemente han surgido nuevos biomarcadores como el antígeno relacionado con el core del virus de la hepatitis B (HBcrAg) y la detección del ARN del VHB, que parecen correlacionarse con los niveles transcripcionales del ADNccc, además, durante el tratamiento parecen ayudar a predecir la respuesta y podrían identificar aquellos a quienes se les puede suspender la terapia sin riesgo de recaída. En esta revisión, se describe la utilidad de los principales biomarcadores convencionales en hepatitis B, y se abordan los dos biomarcadores emergentes más estudiados que prometen evaluar el curso de la infección, al igual que determinar la progresión de la enfermedad y la respuesta al tratamiento.
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