Acute-on-chronic liver failure: analysis of a case series and review of the literature

Abstract

Introduction. Liver cirrhosis continues to be a common disease in our setting, with high mortality. Its decompensation can be associated with the failure of one or more organs, leading to acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), giving these patients a different prognosis associated with higher mortality. The objective of this article is to report the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with ACLF in a high-complexity hospital, as well as to carry out a review of the literature about the different scores for evaluating their prognosis. Methodology. This is a descriptive, retrospective case series study. The population included all the patients during December 2005 to January 2020, over 18 years old, with a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital, who met the diagnostic criteria for ACLF. Results. We included a case series of 19 patients with a diagnosis of ACLF, 47.36% were men with a median age of 53 years, all of them with Child C cirrhosis, the etiology was alcoholic in 42.10%, autoimmune in 21.05%, hepatitis B virus in 10.52%, and hepatitis C virus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in 5.26% of the cases. The precipitants of ACLF were active alcoholism in 42.10% of the cases, no event was identified in 26.31%, and variceal infections and bleeding occurred in 15.78%. Classification was ACLF 1 in 15.78%, ACLF 2 in 26.31% and ACLF 3 in 36.84%. Cumulative survival in patients who received liver transplantation was higher in relation to those who did not, 80% versus 33.3%. Conclusion. ACLF is a dynamic and potentially reversible process with high short-term mortality. In our series, we found a longer survival in transplant patients, which improves survival rates at short and long term, so as of today, this continues to be the optimal treatment.