Acute-on-chronic liver failure caused by hepatitis B flare associated with stopping antiviral therapy: case report

Abstract

The main objective of treating hepatitis B virus infection is to prevent viral replication in order to avoid possible complications, including flares which can become so severe that can cause an acute over chronic liver failure (ACLF). ACLF is associated with multiple organ failure and high mortality, and can be triggered by reactivation of viral hepatitis, bacterial infections and alcohol consumption, among other factors. Although the pathophysiology of ACLF is not yet clear, there appears to be an excessive inflammatory response associated with this condition. The use of nucleotide/nucleoside analogs in chronic hepatitis B reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality related to the progression of the disease, but long-term treatment has its limitations due to the high cost and the risk of indefinite therapy. Due to this, in recent years the stopping of therapy in some patients has been considered by the different associations; however, there is currently no consensus as to the best time to do it. We present a clinical report of a patient with compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis, with positive HBsAg and initially negative HBeAg, who stopped treatment with entecavir by medical instruction, developing ACLF due to exacerbation of hepatitis B, with subsequent deterioration of the patient condition and ultimately death. An adequate characterization of each patient must be carried out before stopping treatment.